Following the World Development Report (2012), we discuss policies that can change the price of schooling under three categories: (i) direct costs; (ii) indirect costs; and (iii) opportunity costs.
Universal (Free) Primary Education initiatives launched across sub-Saharan Africa caused massive jumps in enrollment, allowing girls to close the enrollment gaps with boys at the primary level. For example, a large-scale tuition-waiver program for secondary schools in Gambia increased access to school and learning – equally for boys and girls (Blimpo, Gajigo, and Pugatch 2014). Elimination of fees in the public sector may cause a shuffle in the larger education sector by increasing access among the poor but also by shifting children from better-off families into private schools, which generally dominate public schools in performance even they’re of the low-cost variety.

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