When Bill Gates was looking into what he could do in the world of philanthropy, he says he looked for problems to which governments weren’t already paying attention. That turned out, in the mid-90s, to be global health. “Children were dying of measles for lack of a vaccine that cost less than 25 cents,” Gates told Wired, “which meant there was a big opportunity to save a lot of lives relatively cheaply. The same was true of malaria.”

Alternatively, one could tackle a highly funded problem from a unique angle. Take education, for example. Gates says that by using technology, he could provide videos of the best teachers to demonstrate their teaching techniques to others. For a fraction of what governments in the US were already spending, it was an effective tool not already being utilized.

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