Only one human disease, smallpox, has ever been eradicated entirely. But great strides have been made against lots of other major killers

You are, probably, incredibly lucky. You are probably reading this in a developed country, and you are definitely reading this in the 21st century. And that means you almost certainly haven’t got polio or diphtheria; you almost certainly haven’t got malaria, or hookworm; you certainly haven’t got smallpox.

The reason you haven’t got those diseases is simple: the protective measures of modern medicine. In many cases, that means vaccination. the process of using weakened or related strains of a disease to, essentially, prepare the body’s immune system to deal with the real thing has become a vital tool against disease – and has made huge strides towards eradicating some diseases altogether. But other methods have also contributed to mankind’s extraordinary success in the fight against infectious disease.

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