The recently concluded UN climate change conference in the Peruvian capital Lima eventually ended up mimicking its previous versions in style and content with little to achieve on the ground. The Lima conference had a simple target that countries had to declare their voluntary commitments and actions to tackle climate change called Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). These were then to be negotiated and signed into an agreement in the Paris climate conference in 2015. The deal in Paris is to come into force after 2020 but the Peruvian capital saw familiar frustrating scenes. The Nobel Prize winning UN body Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has declared in its successive reports and the same was officially agreed in Copenhagen that the average temperature of the planet has to be restricted to a two degree Celsius rise from pre-industrial levels by end of 21st century in order to avoid dangerous runaway climate change.

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